High accuracy is high efficiency

Why particularly accurate force transducers open up new application areas

The use of precise transducers enables completely new and enhanced applications in force measurement technology. With products, such as the C10 compressive force transducer from HBM, measurement chains can be set up for very high overloads without compromising the validity of the measurement results. Yet another advantage: the force transducer can be used flexibly for a wide range of different measurement tasks. This means that highly accurate force transducers are not only technological masterpieces, they also bring solid economic advantages. This becomes obvious when taking a closer look at potential sources of errors during force measurement.

Advantages in the use of high accuracy force transducers

Modern force transducers achieve maximum accuracy levels; temperature effects on the measurement result are extremely small. The so-called TCzero, i.e. the temperature effect on the zero point, of the C10 is maximally 0.075 %/10K. The linearity and relative reversibility errors are also extremely low, depending on the selected nominal (rated) force.

The measurement chain can be designed for high overloads, for instance, to prevent damage to the force transducer. Even if the C10 force transducer is used at less than 20 % of its nominal (rated) force, the achievable accuracy is good enough under almost every circumstance to deliver meaningful results.
Based on the above considerations, the range of applications can be extended; it is possible to handle different measuring tasks without having to change sensors. The wide usable measuring range saves costs as there is no need to modify test stands and, in production, the necessary variety of types is reduced.

Possible sources of error

Two possible error groups are distinguished in the context of strain gauge-based force transducers:

Load-independent error: Errors that are not determined by the applied force, but whose error signal is always the same, no matter what the measured value is. They are calculated as a percentage of the force transducer’s nominal (rated) force
Errors relative to the actual value: Errors that are proportional to the force applied at the moment of observation, which can therefore be calculated as a percentage of the measured value

The temperature effect on the zero point (TCzero) is an example of a load-independent error. This measurement deviation has a specific absolute value that is independent of the measured force. Considering such an error relative to the output signal shows that the TCzero is always particularly pronounced when just a small portion of the nominal (rated) force is used. The absolute value is always the same, which, due to the small useful signal, increases the relative portion in this situation.

For example, a typical force transducer using conventional technology should have a nominal force of 100 kN; we assume a TCzero of 0.5 % per 10 Kelvin.

This means that a temperature change of 10K generates a measurement uncertainty contribution of 0.5 % of the rated force. This corresponds to an uncertainty of 0.5 kN. If we do not use the force sensor at 100 kN but at 20 kN, then the measurement uncertainty contribution will still be 500 N. However, due to the smaller force, the relative measurement uncertainty contribution will now be 2.5 %.

Let's take a look at the same situation when using a C10. The nominal force of 100 kN is also available with the C10 series. However, the TCzero is specified at only 0.075 % per 10 Kelvin.

Thus, the error portion is 75 N and, similar to the above example, this portion remains constant over the entire measuring range. When using the modern C10 at 20 kN, the error portion of the TCzero drops from 2.5 %, achieved with conventional technology, to only 0.375 %.

Besides the TCzero, the linearity error too is related to the full-scale value. Hence, the above considerations can also be transferred to these error portions.

Errors that are relative to the actual value are calculated relative to the currently applied signal. This includes, for instance, the temperature dependency of sensitivity (TCS), creep, or even the tolerance of a calibration that may have been performed.

When evaluating an error, the individual errors are added geometrically, i.e. a significant improvement in measurement accuracy can only be achieved if the largest individual errors are improved. In many cases, TCzero , linearity, and hysteresis are of vital importance. Since these errors – as elaborated above – are relative to the full-scale value, i.e. the output signal at full utilization of the nominal (rated) force, any improvement of these parameters will be particularly effective, also enabling the force transducer to be used in the so-called partial load range, i.e. utilizing only a partial range of the nominal (rated) force

C10 from HBM expands the application options

HBM has thoroughly re-engineered the C10, working specifically on full-scale value-related errors. The temperature effect on the force transducers has always been very small, but considerable improvements have been achieved in terms of linearity and hysteresis. Creep tolerance has also been reduced once again.

Linearity error (in ppm)

Capacity	previous	new	Improvement
2.5 kN	300	200	33%
5 kN	300	200	33%
10 kN	300	200	33%
25 kN	400	250	38%
50 kN	400	350	13%
100 kN	400	350	13%
250 kN	400	350	13%
500 kN	400	350	13%
1 MN	600	500	17%

Hysteresis (in ppm)

Capacity	previous	new	Improvement
2.5 kN	300	200	33%
5 kN	300	200	33%
10 kN	300	200	33%
25 kN	400	300	25%
50 kN	400	400	0%
100 kN	500	400	20%
250 kN	500	400	20%
500 kN	500	400	20%
1 MN	600	500	17%

Creep (30 min) in ppm

Capacity	previous	new	Improvement
2.5 kN	400	200	50%
5 kN	400	200	50%
10 kN	400	200	50%
25 kN	250	200	20%
50 kN	250	200	20%
100 kN	250	200	20%
250 kN	250	200	20%
500 kN	250	200	20%
1 MN	250	200	20%

What are the practical impacts of these benefits?

Fig. 1: Increased measurement range with a technically improved sensor.

The diagram shows a typical measuring task:

Measurement time: 30 min
Temperature change: 10 °C
Sensor: C10/25KN
The sensor has been loaded up to the rated force

The diagram shows measurement uncertainty as a function of the measuring force. Re-engineering has had a notable positive impact—the usable measuring range has been significantly increased with the same, arbitrarily determined measurement uncertainty.

The figure below argues further in favor of precise force measurement: The force to be measured for quality control purposes is shown on the X-axis. The number of produced parts is indicated on the Y-axis. We get a Gaussian or normal distribution of the produced parts. Green lines, indicating the permissible tolerances, can be found in the diagrams. The measurement uncertainty of the force measurement chain can be seen to the left and right of these limits in red.

_{Fig. 2: Monitoring a process with a force measurement system with high and low accuracy.}

The transducer's measurement accuracy needs to be assessed to enable the process to be evaluated. To implement an OK/NOK evaluation, the components may only be evaluated as OK when they lie within the target range minus the measurement tolerance (visualized by the blue hatched lines in the diagram).

It becomes obvious that the number of acceptable parts increases with increasing measurement accuracy. In other words, the number of parts to be rejected is also dependent on the measurement accuracy of the force measurement chain.

Modern force transducers such as the C10, S2M, S9M, or U10M from HBM achieve high levels of accuracy, well beyond the class standard, above all with regard to the full-scale value-dependent influencing factors on the measurement uncertainty. This enables a measurement chain to be used in a partial load range, and thereby significantly increase tolerance against overloads. This ensures improved reliability. Above all, it is the minimal effect of temperature on the zero point that makes it possible to use the same sensor for various measurement ranges or to increase the percentage of acceptable parts due to the high precision that can be achieved.

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High accuracy is high efficiency

Why particularly accurate force transducers open up new application areas

Advantages in the use of high accuracy force transducers

Possible sources of error

C10 from HBM expands the application options

Linearity error (in ppm)

Hysteresis (in ppm)

Creep (30 min) in ppm

What are the practical impacts of these benefits?

Fig. 1: Increased measurement range with a technically improved sensor.

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