Microphone Cartridges

HBK microphone cartridges are suited for a wide range of measurement applications. Four types of microphones define the sound field and adaptability for specific environments, industries, and measurement conditions, and are referred to as free-field, pressure-field, diffuse-field, and special microphones. HBK microphone cartridges are supplied in 1 inch, 1/2 inch, 1/4 inch or 1/8 inch diameter size, and require a microphone preamplifier.

Free field microphone

Free-field microphones are typically used for acoustic measurement in an anechoic chamber or far away from reflecting buildings, etc. Another area for free-field microphones is general electroacoustic purposes like loudspeaker and microphone measurements.

Free-field microphones are designed to have a flat frequency response in a free field. At higher frequencies, reflections and diffractions cause a pressure increase in front of the diaphragm. If not corrected for, this would result in an increased output voltage from the microphone, free-field optimization means that the frequency response of the microphone has been designed in such a way that a flat free-field frequency
response at 0° angle of incidence is achieved.

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Pressure field microphone

A pressure-field is sound pressure that has the same magnitude and phase at any position within the field. Sound fields with a close resemblance to the pressure field can be achieved in small cavities (small compared to the wavelength) such as artificial ears.

Pressure-field microphones are typically used in couplers, wind tunnels or in flush-mounted measurements.

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Diffuse field microphone

The opposite of an anechoic chamber is the reverberation chamber where all surfaces are made as hard and reflective as possible and where no parallel surfaces exist. This causes a diffuse-field because all the sound waves are arriving simultaneously from all directions with equal probability and level.
Sound fields with a close resemblance to diffuse-field can be achieved in environments such as buildings with hard walls, where many simultaneous sound or noise sources exist, such as with in-cabin measurements and in churches.

If you are not sure about the sound field you are in, it is best to assume that it is diffuse to minimize measurement error. Diffuse-field microphones are typically used to measure vehicle interior noise or building acoustics.

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